In our study of Paul’s epistle to the Galatians, we will come now to Galatians 4:21-31. In this passage, Paul uses the story of Hagar and Sarah as an allegory to illustrate the difference between living under the law and living in the freedom of God’s promise. This text is rich with theological insights and practical implications for our lives today.
Galatians 4:21-31 “Tell me, you who want to be under the law, are you not aware of what the law says? For it is written that Abraham had two sons, one by the slave woman and the other by the free woman. His son by the slave woman was born according to the flesh, but his son by the free woman was born as the result of a divine promise. These things are being taken figuratively: The women represent two covenants. One covenant is from Mount Sinai and bears children who are to be slaves: This is Hagar. Now Hagar stands for Mount Sinai in Arabia and corresponds to the present city of Jerusalem, because she is in slavery with her children. But the Jerusalem that is above is free, and she is our mother. For it is written: “Be glad, barren woman, you who never bore a child; shout for joy and cry aloud, you who were never in labor; because more are the children of the desolate woman than of her who has a husband.” Now you, brothers and sisters, like Isaac, are children of promise. At that time the son born according to the flesh persecuted the son born by the power of the Spirit. It is the same now. But what does Scripture say? “Get rid of the slave woman and her son, for the slave woman’s son will never share in the inheritance with the free woman’s son.” Therefore, brothers and sisters, we are not children of the slave woman, but of the free woman.
Understanding the Allegory (Verses 21-24)
Paul begins by challenging those who desire to be under the law, asking if they truly understand what the law says.
Two Sons, Two Mothers
He references the story of Abraham’s two sons: Ishmael, born to Hagar, the slave woman, and Isaac, born to Sarah, the free woman. He sets up a contrast between the two sons to illustrate two different ways of relating to God.
The story of Abraham’s two sons would have been well-known to Paul’s readers. Ishmael, the son of Hagar, was born according to human effort, as a result of Abraham and Sarah’s attempt to fulfill God’s promise through their own means. Isaac, on the other hand, was born according to God’s promise, a miraculous birth given to Sarah in her old age. This contrast sets the stage for Paul’s allegory.
Born According to the Flesh vs. Born According to the Promise
Paul explains that Ishmael was born “according to the flesh,” while Isaac was born “as the result of a divine promise.” This distinction highlights the difference between human effort and divine initiative. Ishmael represents what can be achieved through human means, while Isaac represents what can only be accomplished by God’s power. This distinction is crucial for understanding Paul’s argument. Those who rely on the law are represented by Ishmael, as they try to achieve righteousness through human effort. In contrast, those who rely on God’s promise are like Isaac, showing that righteousness is a gift through faith. This sets up the broader theme of the passage: the difference between living under the law and living by faith in God’s promise.
Two Covenants
Paul then takes the story figuratively, stating that the two women represent two covenants. Hagar represents the old covenant from Mount Sinai, which leads to slavery, while Sarah represents the new covenant of grace, which leads to freedom. By using the story of Hagar and Sarah, Paul illustrates the difference between the old covenant of the law and the new covenant of grace. The old covenant, given at Mount Sinai, is characterized by rules and regulations that lead only to bondage. The new covenant, established through Jesus Christ, is characterized by grace and freedom. This allegory helps Paul’s readers understand the profound shift that has taken place in God’s redemptive plan.
The Present Jerusalem vs. The Jerusalem Above
Paul contrasts “the present city of Jerusalem,” which represents those under the law and in slavery, with “the Jerusalem that is above,” which represents the freedom of those who are under the new covenant. The present Jerusalem symbolizes the physical and earthly realm of human effort and religious legalism. It is bound by the limitations of the law and human imperfection. By contrast, the Jerusalem ‘above’ symbolizes the heavenly and spiritual realm of divine grace and freedom. It is characterized by the fulfillment of God’s promise and the transformative power of the Holy Spirit. This contrast emphasizes the superior nature of the new covenant and the freedom it brings.
The Implications of the Allegory (Verses 25-27)
Paul further develops the implications of this allegory, focusing on the freedom which comes from being children of the promise.
Hagar and Mount Sinai
Paul states that Hagar represents Mount Sinai in Arabia and corresponds to the present city of Jerusalem, which is in slavery with her children. This statement underscores the bondage of those who rely on the law for their righteousness. Hagar’s representation of Mount Sinai highlights the connection between the law and slavery. Just as Hagar was a slave, so too are those who seek to be justified by the law. The present city of Jerusalem, bound by the law, was in a state of spiritual bondage. This imagery reinforces the futility of trying to achieve righteousness through human effort and legalistic practices.
The Jerusalem Above
In contrast, Paul describes “the Jerusalem that is above” as free and our mother. This heavenly Jerusalem represents the community of believers who are under the new covenant of grace. The Jerusalem above symbolizes the heavenly city of God, where His grace and freedom reign. It is the true home of believers, who are no longer bound by the law but live in the freedom of God’s promise. This imagery reminds believers of their true identity and inheritance as children of God. They are not slaves of an earthly realm of bondage but free in the heavenly kingdom of grace.
The Barren Woman Rejoices
Paul quotes Isaiah 54:1, “Be glad, barren woman, you who never bore a child; shout for joy and cry aloud, you who were never in labor; because more are the children of the desolate woman than of her who has a husband.” This prophecy speaks of the miraculous work of God in bringing life and fruitfulness where there was once barrenness. The quote from Isaiah highlights the miraculous and gracious nature of God’s work. Just as Sarah, who was barren, became the mother of many through God’s promise, so too does the desolate woman rejoice because of God’s intervention. This prophecy points to the inclusivity and expansiveness of God’s promise. It brings hope and assurance that God can bring life and fulfillment where there once was none.
Children of Promise (Verses 28-31)
Paul applies the allegory directly to the Galatians, emphasizing their identity as children of the promise.
Like Isaac, Children of Promise
Paul declares, “Now you, brothers and sisters, like Isaac, are children of promise.” By faith in Christ, the Galatians are not children of slavery but of promise. This identity shapes their relationship with God and their understanding of their inheritance. Being children of promise means that all believers are part of God’s redemptive plan, not because of our efforts but because of His grace. Like Isaac, our birth is miraculous, a result of God’s intervention and promise. This identity frees us from the bondage of the law and assures us of our place in God’s family.
Persecution from the Children of the Flesh
Paul notes that “at that time the son born according to the flesh persecuted the son born by the power of the Spirit. It is the same now.” Just as Ishmael persecuted Isaac, so too do those who rely on the law persecute those who live by the Spirit. This persecution highlights the ongoing conflict between legalism and grace. Those who rely on human effort often oppose those who live by faith, creating tension and division. Paul’s observation serves as a warning to the Galatians about the nature of this conflict and encourages them to stand firm in their identity as children of promise.
Get Rid of the Slave Woman and Her Son
Paul quotes Genesis 21:10, “Get rid of the slave woman and her son, for the slave woman’s son will never share in the inheritance with the free woman’s son.” This instruction underscores the need to separate from the old covenant of the law and fully embrace the new covenant of grace. The command to get rid of the slave woman and her son symbolizes the need to reject legalism and the bondage of the law. Just as Hagar and Ishmael were sent away, so too must believers distance themselves from any system that seeks to justify them by human effort. This separation is necessary to fully embrace the freedom and inheritance that can only come through faith in Christ.
Not Children of the Slave Woman, But of the Free Woman
Paul concludes, “Therefore, brothers and sisters, we are not children of the slave woman, but of the free woman.” This declaration affirms the Galatians’ identity and inheritance as children of the promise, living in the freedom of God’s grace. This affirmation of identity is crucial for the Galatians and for us today. Believers are not bound by the limitations and bondage of the law; they are free, living under the grace and promise of God. This freedom shapes their relationship with God, their understanding of their inheritance, and their daily lives.
Practical Applications for Our Lives
As we reflect on Galatians 4:21-31, several practical applications emerge for our lives today.
Embrace Your Identity as Children of Promise
Paul’s teaching challenges us to embrace our identity as children of promise. We are not defined by our efforts or adherence to the law but by God’s promise and grace. This identity shapes our relationship with God and gives us confidence in our inheritance. Embracing our identity as children of promise involves living out this truth in our daily lives. It means seeing ourselves as God sees us and allowing His grace to shape our actions, attitudes, and relationships. This identity empowers us to live in freedom and to reflect Christ’s character in all that we do.
Reject Legalism and Embrace Grace
Paul’s allegory emphasizes the futility of legalism and the bondage it brings. We must reject any system that seeks to justify us by our efforts and instead embrace the grace that comes through faith in Christ. Rejecting legalism involves a commitment to living by faith and relying on God’s grace. It means letting go of the need to earn God’s favour and trusting in the sufficiency of Christ’s work. By embracing grace, we can experience the freedom and joy that come from being in a right relationship with God.
Stand Firm in the Face of Persecution
Paul’s observation about the persecution of the children of promise by the children of the flesh reminds us that living by faith can bring opposition. We must stand firm in our identity and trust in God’s promise, even in the face of persecution. Standing firm in the face of persecution involves a commitment to truth and a reliance on God’s strength. It means being willing to endure hardship for the sake of the gospel and trusting that God will sustain us. By standing firm, we can bear witness to the transformative power of God’s grace.
Celebrate the Freedom of the New Covenant
Paul’s contrast between the old and new covenants highlights the freedom that comes from living under the new covenant of grace. We must celebrate this freedom and live in the joy and assurance it brings. Celebrating the freedom of the new covenant involves a daily commitment to living in the light of God’s grace. It means embracing the transformative power of the Holy Spirit and allowing Him to guide our lives. By celebrating this freedom, we can experience the fullness of life that God intends for us.
Cultivate a Community of Grace
Paul’s teaching encourages us to cultivate a community of grace within the body of Christ. We must support and encourage one another in living out the truth of the gospel and rejecting legalism. Cultivating a community of grace involves fostering relationships built on love, trust, and mutual respect. It means creating an environment where people can grow in their faith and experience the freedom of God’s grace. By cultivating a community of grace, we can reflect the love and unity of Christ to the world.
Theological Insights from the Allegory
As we delve deeper into the allegory of Hagar and Sarah, several theological insights emerge that are crucial for understanding Paul’s message and its implications for our faith.
The Nature of God’s Promise
The story of Isaac’s birth highlights the nature of God’s promise: it is miraculous and not dependent on human effort. Isaac’s birth was a result of God’s intervention and faithfulness, not Abraham and Sarah’s ability. This teaches us that God’s promises are fulfilled by His power and grace, not by our efforts. The nature of God’s promise underscores the reliability and faithfulness of God. When God makes a promise, He has the power to fulfill it, regardless of human limitations. This understanding deepens our trust in God and assures us that He will accomplish His purposes in our lives.
The Role of Faith
The contrast between Ishmael and Isaac illustrates the centrality of faith in receiving God’s promises. Isaac’s birth was a result of faith in God’s promise, while Ishmael’s birth was a result of human effort. This teaches us that faith, not works, is the means by which we receive God’s blessings. The role of faith highlights the importance of trusting in God’s promises and relying on His grace. Faith is not just intellectual assent but a deep trust in God’s character and His ability to fulfill His promises. This trust shapes our relationship with God and our daily lives.
The Futility of Human Effort
The story of Ishmael’s birth illustrates the futility of relying on human effort to achieve God’s purposes. Abraham and Sarah’s attempt to fulfill God’s promise through Hagar resulted in strife and division. This teaches us that our efforts, apart from God’s guidance, are futile and can lead to negative consequences. The futility of human effort underscores the need for reliance on God’s grace and guidance. It reminds us that our best efforts are insufficient to achieve God’s purposes and that we must depend on His power and wisdom. This reliance leads to a life of humility and dependence on God.
The Transformative Power of Grace
The contrast between the old and new covenants highlights the transformative power of God’s grace. The old covenant, based on the law, led to bondage and condemnation. The new covenant, based on grace, leads to freedom and transformation. This teaches us that God’s grace has the power to change our lives and set us free from bondage. The transformative power of grace is at the heart of the gospel message. It is not just about forgiveness of sins but about a new life in Christ, characterized by freedom, joy, and spiritual growth. This transformation is a testimony to the power of God’s grace and a witness to the world.
Living Out the Allegory in Our Daily Lives
The allegory of Hagar and Sarah has profound implications for how we live our daily lives as believers.
Living in the Freedom of the Promise
As children of the promise, we are called to live in the freedom that comes from God’s grace. This means rejecting legalism and any attempts to earn God’s favor through our efforts. Instead, we embrace the freedom and joy that come from being in a right relationship with God through faith in Christ. Living in the freedom of the promise involves a daily commitment to trust in God’s grace and to live by faith. It means letting go of the need to control our lives and relying on God’s guidance and provision. This freedom leads to a life of peace, joy, and purpose.
Trusting in God’s Timing
The story of Isaac’s birth teaches us to trust in God’s timing. God fulfilled His promise to Abraham and Sarah in His perfect timing, not according to their schedule. This teaches us to be patient and to trust that God’s timing is always best. Trusting in God’s timing involves surrendering our plans and expectations to Him. It means believing that God knows what is best for us and that He will fulfill His promises at the right time. This trust leads to a life of contentment and peace, knowing that God is in control.
Embracing Our Identity as Children of God
As children of the promise, we have a new identity in Christ. We are no longer defined by our past or by our efforts to achieve righteousness. Instead, we are defined by God’s grace and our relationship with Him. This new identity shapes how we see ourselves and how we live our lives. Embracing our identity as children of God involves living out this truth in our daily lives. It means seeing ourselves as God sees us and allowing His grace to shape our actions, attitudes, and relationships. This identity empowers us to live in freedom and to reflect Christ’s character in all that we do.
Building a Community of Grace
The allegory of Hagar and Sarah teaches us the importance of building a community of grace within the body of Christ. We are called to support and encourage one another in living out the truth of the gospel and rejecting legalism. This community of grace reflects the love and unity of Christ and serves as a witness to the world. Building a community of grace involves fostering relationships built on love, trust, and mutual respect. It means creating an environment where people can grow in their faith and experience the freedom of God’s grace. By cultivating a community of grace, we can reflect the love and unity of Christ to the world.
Conclusion
As we conclude our reflection on Galatians 4:21-31, we are reminded of the profound theological truths and practical applications of Paul’s allegory of Hagar and Sarah. Paul’s teaching challenges us to embrace our identity as children of promise, to reject legalism and embrace grace, to stand firm in the face of persecution, to celebrate the freedom of the new covenant, and to cultivate a community of grace. May we be a people who live out these truths with integrity, standing firm in our faith and reflecting the love and grace of Christ in all that we do. Let us strive to maintain the unity of the body of Christ, working together to advance His kingdom and bring glory to His name. Amen.